What can I expect from permanent lip augmentation treatments? What are my options for permanent lip augmentation?

There is currently no permanent filler that is FDA approved for use in the lips.
Artefill is the only FDA approved permanent filler and it can be used for the naso-labial folds and other areas of thicker skin in the face, but it should never be used in the lips.
There are several doctors using silicone for lip augmentation. The process involves several injection sessions and is gradual. I have seen good results, but I have also seen really terrible results. Trouble is, when the result is terrible, there is absolutely nothing you can do.
I am in the process of FDA trials for a permanent filler that is quite popular in Europe, Asia and South America called Aquamid. It looks like it will be good for the lips, but is still awaiting FDA approval.
Fat transfer to the lips can have good results. It can also have not so good results because the surgeon has to overcorrect and then hope that when it comes down it looks good. Also, the duration of effect from fat transfer is variable. I personally do not like the technique very much.
It may be a pain to come back every 6 to 8 months, but take my advice and just do Juvederm or Restylane. We will be able to do reliable, precise, permanent lip enhancement within 1.5 years. Don't take unnecessary risks. This way you know that, if you go to a good injector, your lips will look natural and you're not harming yourself.